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Impact toughness is the ability of a metal to withstand a suddenly applied shock load and is quantified by the amount of energy absorbed.

ASTM G48 is a corrosion test used as a measure of pitting corrosion resistance of stainless steels.

As they are an alloy of several different metals, the melting point of stainless steel happens over a temperature range.

The main advantage of duplex stainless steel is its ability to provide extremely cost-effective performance compared with other all alloys.

One of the main risks of failure for stainless steels is from chloride stress corrosion cracking, but duplex grades are generally resistant.

Heat treatment of duplex stainless steel is usually restricted to their initial production, in the form of solution annealing.

Ferrite content is a measure of the amount of ferrite in a steel. Ferrite is one form of microstructure that may exist within a steel.

Ferrite content in duplex stainless steels should be close to 50%, and within the range of 35-60%, in order to optimise their properties.

ASTM is the American Society for Testing and Materials, and A473 is the ‘Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Forgings’.

ASTM A240 is the ‘Standard Spec for Chromium and Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet and Strip for Pressure Vessels and General Use’.

A790 is the ‘Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe’.

ASTM A479 is the ‘Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Bars and Shapes for use in Boilers and Other Pressure Vessels’.